A small object called the Adorant figurine, discovered in a cave in Germany in 1979, crafted roughly 40,000 years ago by some of the earliest people to establish a distinct culture in Europe, bears intriguing sequences of notches and dots. Numerous other objects produced by this same culture exhibit similar marks.

New research suggests these marks on objects like this figurine, made of mammoth ivory and depicting a hybrid lion-human creature, fall short of amounting to a written language.

But it found that their sequential use on these artefacts displayed properties similar to a script that emerged much later in ancient Mesopotamia, around 3300 BC, that was a forerunner to cuneiform, one of the oldest-known forms of written language.

This suggests remarkable cognitive abilities for such ancient people. The artefacts date to a time when our species was spreading across Europe - traversing the landscape as bands of hunter-gatherers - after trekking out of Africa, encountering our close relatives the Neanderthals along the way.

The researchers use the term sign types to describe these marks, which include notches, dots, lines, crosses, star shapes and some others.

They conducted a computational analysis of their use on these artefacts for a trait called information density.

This concept refers to the amount of information conveyed per unit of language, like a syllable or, in this case, a sign.

“We would argue that these sign sequences go beyond decoration that was aesthetically pleasing to particular individuals.

Namely, our statistical results show that these signs were applied selectively and conventionally,“ said linguist Christian Bentz of Saarland University in Germany, lead author of the research published this week in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

For example, crosses were found only on tools and animal figurines, but not on human figurines.

The researchers analysed more than 200 Stone Age artefacts that bore these signs, dating from about 43,000 to 34,000 years ago, from four cave sites in southwestern Germany associated with a culture called the Aurignacian.

The Adorant figurine, for instance, came from Geissenklösterle Cave in Germany’s Baden-Württemberg state, and measured about 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) by half an inch (14 mm).

“The convention to carve certain sign types only into surfaces of certain artefacts must have been handed down over many generations, otherwise we would not find these statistical patterns in the data,” Bentz said.

The goal of the researchers was not to determine the meaning of the signs, which still have not been deciphered.

The Aurignacian culture is associated with some of the oldest-known figurative art. The artefacts analysed in the research were mostly made of ivory from mammoth tusks, but also from animal bones and antlers.

Some of the figures were of animals, including mammoths, cave lions and horses, as well as creatures apparently blending human and animal traits.

There were also various tools, personal ornaments and musical instruments in the form of flutes.

The researchers found that the sign sequences they analysed were statistically different from modern-day writing systems.

But they found that these sign sequences displayed an information density very similar to the earliest examples of the cuneiform forerunner called proto-cuneiform, known from the ancient Mesopotamian city of Uruk.

Proto-cuneiform evolved into cuneiform, a system of writing employing wedge-shaped marks that was used for millennia in the ancient Near East.

The researchers said the Aurignacian signs display some design features found in written languages, but that other features are missing, including the connection to spoken language structures.

“We can only speculate about the status of spoken languages at the time. In general, archaeologists and linguists would certainly assume that modern humans (Homo sapiens) 40,000 years ago had spoken languages structurally similar to those spoken around the world today,” said archaeologist and study co-author Ewa Dutkiewicz of the Museum of Prehistory and Early History in Berlin.